
RMD (Required Minimum Distributions)退休金最低提取要求 (下篇)
RMD (Required Minimum Distributions)退休金最低提取要求 (下篇)
低收入家庭通常面临退休金储蓄严重不足的问题,RMD的影响不大;高收入家庭则相反,为了省税,他们往往都是最大限额地存退休金,导致延税退休账户余额大量累积,这对退休以后的财务规划造成巨大的影响:
- 当必须提取RMD时,因是强制的,应税收入可能大幅增加,而相应的抵税项目可能已经寥寥无几,那时的税率甚至可能会超过退休前的税级。
- RMD导致的高收入不仅推高了税率,还会增加社安金应税额(最高可达社安金收入的85%)和联邦医疗保险(Medicare)的保费。
- 首次提领RMD,可以延迟到下一年的4月1日前;但是第二次提领必须在下一年的12月31日前完成。如果首次提领延迟到第二年,那么这一年有两个RMD要交税,可能推高税率。
- 每年的RMD,即使不需要也必须提取,从而失去了免税增长的机会。以后的投资收入或增值都要随时纳税。
- 如果没有在规定的时间提领RMD, 即使以后弥补,也要缴纳10% 或25%的罚金。
- 失去了对税务规划的掌控。以后的税率不管是高还是低,都必须按照国税局的规定,按当时的税率缴纳所得税。
- 人过世后,未用完的钱如果留给健康的成年子女,必须在十年之内全部拿完. 拿出来的钱按子女继承人当年收入来报税。如果成年子女处于事业高峰期,税率应该也处于高位, 那么继承的这笔退休金很大一部分将会交给了国税局。
面对上述可能遇到的困境,尽可能地降低延税退休账户的余额,无疑会缓解甚至避免这些情形发生的可能性。
- 在收入低的年份做Roth Conversion 或者有策略地在退休以后,RMD之前,每年分批转换。如果退休金自己根本用不完,最终要传给子女,用税后的钱去付税,会使转换效益最大化。
- 拿RMD以后也可以做Roth Conversion,但要注意的是,当年的RMD不能算Roth转换。必须先拿RMD以后, 再做Roth Conversion, 那么这一年,RMD和Roth Conversion两项都要缴税。
- 提前提取:除了Roth转换,59岁半以后,把钱取出来无10%罚款, 这时取没有最低金额限制,比较灵活。 当然取出来的钱必须先交所得税。 这笔钱可以自用,也可以利用年度赠与免税额赠与子女和孙子女,帮他们交学费,付医疗帐单等。
- Qualified Charitable Distributions (QCDs) 合格的慈善捐赠:如果你准备做慈善捐赠,QCDs可以作为当年RMD的全部或者一部分。QCD的·捐款必须是从IRA账号直接转给合格的慈善机构。 2025年QCD的最高额度是每人$108,000,这笔捐款不计入当年的总收入,因此是免税的。QCD发生在哪年,就算那一年的RMD。 因为QCD降低了IRA账户的余额,也就降低了未来RMD金额。
- Qualified Longevity Annuity Contracts (QLACs):QLAC 是一种用延税退休账户中的资产来购买的一种延期年金。如果您接近或者已经在RMD的年龄,而且RMD拿出来的钱用不完, 可以通过QLAC降低RMD的金额, 因为购买QLAC时不用交税,只要没有开始拿终身收入,购买的金额就不计入RMD的计算; 开始终身收入以后,年金支付金额都可以算作当年的RMD。 但是QLAC有限额规定,2025年每人最多可以购买$210,000, 而且不能无限期地延迟,必须在85岁之前开始取钱。
以上只是RMD一些可能的问题和部分解决方法,不构成具体建议。一个有效的财务税务规划可以避免很多问题的发生,但是需要一个有前瞻性的整体布局,适时地调整和持续地实施。
这里提供的信息仅供参考,不构成税务或法律建议。如需了解具体信息,请咨询法律或税务专业人士。
***************************************************
Lisa (Hongwei) Liu
CPA, CFP®, CPWA®Advisor,
Partner of Wealthcare Advisory Partners LLC (Wealthcare)
908-938-5277, lisa.liu@princeton-wealth.com, www.princeton-wealth.com
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