
RMD (Required Minimum Distributions)退休金最低提取要求 (上篇)
什么是RMD?
RMD是Required Minimum Distributions(最低提取要求)的缩写,是美国税法对延税型退休账户持有人设立的一项强制性提取规定, 主要包括以下几种账户类型
- 传统个人退休账户(Traditional IRA)
- SEP IRA(简易雇员退休账户),SIMPLE IRA(小型企业退休账户)
- 401(k), 403(b) 和 457(b)
- 不包括Roth IRA, 从2024年开始Roth 401(k)/403(b)也排除在外
这些账户的共同特点是:资金放进去的时候是免税的,在账户内增长期间无需缴税,只有取款时才缴纳普通个人所得税。想象一下,如果纳税人不把这部分本来用于退休的钱拿出来,而是无限期地免税增长,那么国税局很难控制什么时候征税,征多少税。为了堵住这个漏洞,1986 年税收改革法案明确规定所有符合国税局和ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974)规定的退休计划在享受税收优惠的同时都必须遵循 RMD的要求。
RMD的基本规定:
- 年龄规定: 从2025年开始,在1951–1959之间出生的, 年满 73 周岁时必须开始提取 RMD; 1960 或以后出生的,年满 75 周岁时开始提取。
- 提取时间: 第一次 RMD 提取时间可以延迟至次年的 4 月 1 日。例如:2025 年满 73 周岁,第一次 RMD 需在 2026 年 4 月 1 日前提取,第二次 RMD 需在 2026 年 12 月 31 日前提取, 以后的提取必须在当年12 月 31 日前完成。
- 最低金额:一般来说,RMD 计算方法是,用退休账户所有者的IRA 或其他退休账户截至 上一年12 月 31 日的余额,除以国税局在Publication 509-B中公布的每个特点年龄下的预期寿命系数 (IRS Uniform Lifetime Table)。例如,75周岁,IRA账户余额$100,000, 预期寿命系数24.6 (2024 Uniform Lifetime Table), RMD 等于 $100,000 /24.6 = $4065.04。 也就是,75岁的人,预期寿命系数是24.6年,所剩的退休账户余额可以分24.6年取完。
RMD的一些特殊规定:
- 大多数的退休账户可以依据IRS Uniform Lifetime Table来计算RMD, 但是如果唯一继承人是年轻十岁以上的配偶,或者是非配偶继承人就要用不同的预期寿命系数来计算(国税局Publication 509-B)。
- 多个IRA账户:只需计算所有IRA的总RMD,可从任一或几个IRA账户中提取
- 多个 401(k), 403(b)或 457(b) 账户:必须分别从每个账户中提取 RMD,不能跨账户合并提取
到了RMD年龄还在继续工作:
- 如果你不是公司5%以上持有者,当前雇主退休计划的RMD可以延迟提取,直到你退休为止;但是以前雇主的退休计划,传统个人退休账户还是要按照RMD的规定提取。
- 如果你持有公司5%以上的股份,不论是否还在工作,都必须按照RMD的规定提取最低金额。这个规定对小企业主影响最大。
没有遵守RMD 会面临的处罚:
- 如果没有提取RMD,罚款金额可以高达未提取部分的25%。例如,2024年RMD为$10,000, 忘记了提取,罚款为$2500.
- 如果两年之内得到改正,罚款可以降到未提取部分的10%.
- 如果发现错误,应该立即改正,把错过的RMD尽早取出来。
总之,雇主提供的各种延税退休计划,以及个人抵税的传统退休计划都会面临RMD的强制提取要求,如果没有按规定提取, 不仅面临罚款,还会造成一年中提取两次, 所以提取规划非常重要。
这里提供的信息仅供参考,不构成税务或法律建议。如需了解具体信息,请咨询法律或税务专业人士。
下一篇会分析一下RMD会带来哪些问题?有哪些可能的解决方式?
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Lisa (Hongwei) Liu
CPA, CFP®, CPWA®Advisor,
Partner of Wealthcare Advisory Partners LLC (Wealthcare)
908-938-5277, lisa.liu@princeton-wealth.com, www.princeton-wealth.com
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